Question

DIAGRAM and BRIEFLY explain how energy from high energy electron carriers is converted to ATP during respiration in mitochondria and aerobic bacteria. Label each process involved in energy conversions, and label two of the proteins involved in the final steps of making ATP. (compare this to ATP production during Photosynthesis)

[hint: discuss electrons, gradients, and phosphates, and the proper terms for the pathways involved.]

Answer 1

1. Respiration includes A) Glycolysis B) Krebs cycle ) Electron transport.

During glycolysis and krebs cycle  energy rich ( electron rich) compounda like NADPH+ H⁺, FADH₂, NADPH are generated.

REACTIONS INVOLVED IN ENERGY CONVERSIONS

Gleceraldehyde 3 phosphate to 1,3 bis phosphoglyceric acid

Isocitric acid to alpha keto glutaric acid

Alpha keto glutaric acid to succinyl co-A

Succinic acid to Fumeric acid

Malic acid to oxalo acetic acid

2. Thse electron rich compounds oxidized releases electrons. NADPH₂ NADP⁺ +2H⁺ +2e^- . These electrons when passed through different electron carriers across the membrane protons are translocated results in the development of proton gradient.

3. When these protons moves back according to the concentration gradient, for the movement of protons through ATP synthase energy is liberated which combines ADP +iP to form ATP

4. cytochrome b/ cytochrome c1 complex,  cytochrome a/ cytochrome a3 complex, ( Proteins involved in the formation of ATP)

5. ATP production in photosynthesis also due to proton gradient. When electrons are moving from PS II TO PS I protons are translocated into the lumen. Protons are also released due to photolysis of water. These protons are making a gradient and when they try to come out of lumen through ATP synthase energy is liberated which combines ADP +iP to form ATP.