Question

I need help with questions two three and four

Three forms of weight control surgery In this procedure, a large portion of the gastric lumen is stapled shut, leaving only a small pouch in contact with the esophagus and duodenum Gastric bypass is another surgical procedure to induce weight loss. In this surgery, the proximal small intestine (duodenum) is connected to a small pouch formed by a superior portion of the stomach. Although this procedure seems more effective than gastric stapling, it involves more complicated surgery A third procedure, adjustable gastric band surgery (also known as lap-band surgery), is shown above. It involves placing an inflatable silicone device around the superior aspect of the stomach by laparoscopic surgery. This procedure is performed on obese patients with a body mass index (BMI) of 35-40 or greater. (The body mass index is a ratio calculated by dividing body weight in kilograms by the square of body height in meters; it is used to identify people who are overweight or underweight.) After each type of surgery, the stomach will hold approximately 110-220 grams of food at each meal, compared to 1500 grams for a normal, distended stomach. Although surgical intervention is successful in many cases, the risks for potential complications are also high. Obesity is a medical condition in which excess body fat adversely affects the quality of life, leading to increased health problems and decreased life expectancy. Obesity refers to an excess amount of body fat. Both obesity and overweight (an excess amount of body weight that can come from muscles, bone, fat, and water) result from energy imbalance: When the number of calories eaten is greater than the number of calories used, there is an energy imbalance. So, if people eat and drink more calories than they use ("burn"), the balance tips toward weight gain. Over time, if this imbalance continues, the person becomes overweight. If the pattern continues further, obesity results. Weight management can be a complex issue because it involves complex interactions among behavior, diet, exercise, and genetics. Being overweight or obese can increase the risk for type 2 diabetes, hypertension, cardiovascular disease, and early death Because obesity is a leading preventable cause of death more people have turned to surgery to help them lose weight. One form of weight control surgery involves gastric stapling. Gastric band Stomach 1 How would gastric stapling result in weight loss? 2 Explain the roles of the stretch receptors and the feeling of fullness after the gastric stapling procedure. 3 Using your knowledge of smooth muscle tissue, what will happen to the gastric muscular layer over time after gastric stapling? 4 How do gastric bypass surgery and lap-band surgery help achieve the goal of weight loss?

Answer 1

2. Gastric stapling converts the whole stomach into a small pouch by "stapling" certain portions together. Therefore the whole surface area of stomach is not available for the incoming food. This leads to an easy distention of the small pouch available by very little amount of food entry. This phenomenon activates the stretch receptors of stomach > vagus nerve carries this signal to medulla oblongata > vagus nerve brings motor signal of gastric juice secretion. These sequence of events causes a feeling of fullness of stomach.

3. The amount of gastric acid or hydrochloric acid secreted for the small amount of food may cause erosion of the internal smooth muscle of the stomach. Mucosal barrier of the stomach erodes first with progressive bleeding ulcer and potential gastritis of the subject.

4. Both the lap-band and gastric bypass surgery are performed with the primary goal of weight loss. This is majorly done by two principles:

• Firstly, the space or pouch size of stomach is reduced such that thimble amount of food intake causes a feeling of fullness and activates stretch receptors. Further intake cause nausea and vomiting thus subject learns to consume less amount of food.
• Secondly, it decreases the surface area for absorption and digestion in the stomach.

These two factors causes weight loss in unchecked obese patients.