Question

1. Utilizing the information in Chapter 7 and previous chapters, describe WHY carbohydrates are the desired source of energy and sparing protein is important for life and homeostasis. How would you convey this to someone who wants to be healthy and go on a high protein, low carbohydrate diet? 2. Describe what happens when a friend goes on a crash diet to metabolism the first couple of days. Weight drops on the scale but what is that weight? If the diet continues after 3-4 days what happens to metabolism (what energy source is used) and how does the body respond with amount ant type of weight loss? 3. Why would someone argue, using the information about metabolism and anabolism of fat, that fatis the most fattening for the body and that a low fat diet would be the best aphroach to lose weight? HINT: this is about metabolism and not just calories per gram.

Answer 1

Glycosis:

Glycolysis is a cellular respiration processthat extracts energy from glucose by splitting into pyruvates. it takes place in cytosil of cell. In the first step Glucose in converted to fructose 1, 6 bisphosphate this is unstable further breaks down to DHAP, Glyceraldehyde 3 PO4. finally the abve 2 molecules are converted to Pyruvate. The enzyme involved is phosphofructokinase. at the end the process is left with 2 ATP, 2 NADH, 2 pyruvate.

2 pyruvates are oxidised and converted to Acetyl CoA in mitochondria

TCA cycle:

Also called Kreb cycle, Tricarboxylic acid cycle, Citric acid cycle. This cycle takes place in mitochondria too.

TCA cycle is the driver of metabolism in mitochondria. its a closed loop cycle.

Acetyl CoA reacts with oxaloacetate creates citrate. The 2 carbondioxide is formed each creating NADH. Remaining 4 carbon created NADH, FADH2, ATP, Oxaloacetate.

Electron Transport Chain:

Electron transport chain is the small portion of aerobic of metabolism which uses the electron from the by product of Glycolysis and TCA. Free oxygen uses above electrons.

It consists of 4 large multiprotein complex in the mitochondrial membrane and 2 small electron shuttle carriers

Protein gradient is formed acrosd inner mitochondrial membrane with H+ more in the intermembrane space and less in the matrix. This H+ is used in ATP formation

The electron passing through the carriers loose energy and this forms more ATP and water.

Almost 30 to 32 ATPs are formed in the above 3 cycle