Question

8. How do proteins interact with ligands? (What holds them together?) 9. What are the FOUR ways that protein function is regulated (function turned ON/OFF). Explain each. 1.

Answer 1

8 ) Solution :

In some conditions the proteins are able to bind to a small molecule which are known as ligand by the weak interactions such as ionic bonds hydrogen bonds, hydrophobic effects and Vanderwaals interactions

Example of a ligand is oxygen , it is a ligand which binds to both haemoglobin and myoglobin.

9 ) Solution :

The 4 ways that protein function is regulated are as follows

1 . Due to non covalent binding of small molecules i.e., amino acids or nucleotides are involved in the regulation of protein function by causing a change in the conformatiion and finally the activity of protein .

2 . Phosphorylation is also regulates the funtion of protein i.e., addition of phosphate groups to specific amino acids on the protein . This process is also reversible and serves as a handy switch on-off

3 . Interactions among the polypeptides making up the protein, or between the protein and other proteins in the cell are also involved in the regulation of protein function

4 . Protein posttranslational modifications regulates the protein function by obtaining a small changes to their basic chemical structure .These posttranslational modifications can profoundly alter a protein’s activity, localization, stability, and/or binding partners, and therefore constitute the “front line” of many signaling systems within the cell.