The hormone estrogen converts the estrogen receptor (ER) protein from an inactive molecule to an 'active transcription factor. The ER binds to cis-acting sites that act as enhancers, located near the promoters of a number of genes. In some tissues, the presence of estrogen appears to activate transcription of ER-target genes, whereas in other tissues, it appears to repress transcription of those same genes. Offer an explanation as to how this may occur.
¦ HINT: This problem involves an understanding of how transcription enhancers and repressors work. The key to its solution is to consider the many ways that trans-acting factors can interact at enhancers to bring about changes in transcription initiation.
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